The American Crises

On December 19, 1776, amidst the uncertainty and turmoil of the American Revolutionary War, the Pennsylvania Journal first published a series of pamphlets that would profoundly influence the course of history. Titled “The American Crisis,” these pamphlets were penned by Thomas Paine, an English-born American political activist, philosopher, and revolutionary. Paine, already renowned for his earlier work “Common Sense,” sought to invigorate the colonial resistance against British rule.

“The American Crisis” was written during a time of despair and demoralization for the American colonists. The Continental Army had suffered several defeats, and the morale of the soldiers and the general populace was waning. Paine, recognizing the critical need for a rallying call, crafted these pamphlets to inspire and mobilize the colonists in their struggle for independence.

The opening lines of the first pamphlet, “These are the times that try men’s souls,” have become immortalized in the annals of American history. Paine’s eloquent and fiery prose called for perseverance and courage in the face of adversity. He criticized both the fair-weather patriots and the tyrannical rule of the British monarchy, emphasizing the necessity and righteousness of the American cause.

Subsequent pamphlets in the series continued this theme, addressing various aspects of the war and the moral and philosophical justifications for the Revolution. Paine’s arguments were not merely rhetorical; they were grounded in Enlightenment principles of liberty, justice, and democratic governance, resonating deeply with the contemporary intellectual climate.

In the American colonies, “The American Crisis” was met with widespread acclaim. It was read aloud to troops, bolstering the resolve of the Continental Army and rejuvenating the spirit of independence among the populace. General George Washington, recognizing the pamphlet’s value, ordered it to be read to his troops at Valley Forge, crediting it with significantly boosting the soldiers’ morale.

In contrast, the reception in England was less favorable. British loyalists and government officials condemned Paine’s writings as seditious and inflammatory. However, it’s important to note that Paine’s ideas also found a receptive audience among certain English reformers and radicals, who were inspired by the revolutionary fervor across the Atlantic.

“Common Sense,” published earlier in January 1776, laid the groundwork for “The American Crisis.” In this influential pamphlet, Paine forcefully argued for American independence from Britain, presenting his case with clarity and conviction that resonated with the common people. It broke down complex political and philosophical concepts into accessible language, making the case for independence a personal matter for every colonist.

The legacy of “Common Sense” cannot be overstated. It galvanized the American public like no other publication of its time, selling an estimated 500,000 copies in a relatively small population. It transformed the discourse on American independence, shifting it from a fringe idea to a mainstream movement. The pamphlet’s success set the stage for “The American Crisis,” allowing Paine’s subsequent messages of resilience and hope to be received with an open heart and mind.

“The American Crisis” series, building on the foundation laid by “Common Sense,” played a pivotal role in shaping American sentiment during the Revolutionary War. Thomas Paine’s passionate and articulate advocacy for liberty and democracy not only influenced the immediate course of the American Revolution but also left an enduring mark on the ideals of freedom and governance worldwide.