The Immortal Seven

On June 30, 1688, seven influential figures in English history took a bold step that would forever alter the course of the nation. Known as the Immortal Seven, these men issued an invitation to William III of Orange to invade England and depose King James II. This pivotal event set the stage for the Glorious Revolution, a watershed moment that established the foundation for modern British constitutional monarchy.

By 1688, England was rife with political and religious tension. King James II, a Catholic, had ascended to the throne in 1685, stirring fears among the predominantly Protestant population. His policies favoring Catholics, attempts to bypass Parliament, and efforts to create a standing army loyal to him alienated many, including influential nobles and clergy. The nation teetered on the brink of rebellion as concerns over a potential Catholic dynasty grew, especially after the birth of James’s son, which threatened to solidify Catholic rule.

The Immortal Seven were a group of noblemen and a bishop, each playing a crucial role in orchestrating the invitation to William III. Their names and backgrounds are as follows:

– Charles Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury: A prominent Whig politician, Shrewsbury was deeply opposed to James II’s Catholic policies.

– William Cavendish, Earl of Devonshire: Known for his steadfast Protestant beliefs, Devonshire was a key figure in the opposition.

– Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby: An experienced statesman who had previously served as Lord High Treasurer, Danby brought significant political acumen to the group.

– Richard Lumley, Viscount Lumley: A military leader with strong Protestant convictions.

– Henry Compton, Bishop of London: The spiritual leader among the Seven, Compton’s influence extended through the Anglican Church.

– Edward Russell, Admiral of the Fleet: A naval officer who ensured naval support for William’s invasion.

– Henry Sidney: Brother of the famous Algernon Sidney, Henry Sidney was a diplomat with strong ties to William of Orange.

These men, united by their Protestant faith and opposition to James II, took a considerable risk in inviting a foreign prince to intervene in England’s affairs.

The drafting of the invitation was a clandestine affair, conducted in secrecy to avoid detection by James II’s spies. The letter was meticulously crafted to address William’s concerns, promising support from both nobles and commoners.

The invitation letter assured William that the majority of the English populace, including the army and navy, would support him. It outlined the grievances against James II and the desire for a Protestant ruler who would uphold the laws and traditions of England.

James II’s open Catholicism and his attempts to grant religious freedom to Catholics were seen as direct threats to Protestant hegemony. His policies, including the appointment of Catholics to high offices and the suspension of anti-Catholic laws, created widespread alarm.

The political landscape was equally fraught, with both Whigs and Tories increasingly disillusioned with James II. The Whigs, in particular, feared the establishment of an absolute monarchy, while the Tories were concerned about the king’s disregard for traditional institutions.

William III received the invitation with cautious optimism. Recognizing the opportunity to expand his influence and counter French power, he consulted with his advisors and allies across Europe.

William’s preparations were thorough and strategic. He secured support from key European powers, including the Dutch Republic and several German states, ensuring that his invasion force was formidable.

William landed at Torbay on November 5, 1688, with minimal initial resistance. His disciplined troops and the general unpopularity of James II worked in his favor, as many defected to his side.

Facing desertions and dwindling support, James II fled to France on December 23, 1688, effectively abdicating the throne. This marked the end of his reign and paved the way for William and Mary to assume the throne.

William and Mary were declared co-monarchs by the Convention Parliament in February 1689. Their reign initiated significant changes, including the Bill of Rights 1689, which curtailed royal prerogative and affirmed parliamentary sovereignty.

The Glorious Revolution had profound and lasting effects. It established the principle that the monarchy could not rule without the consent of Parliament, laying the groundwork for a constitutional monarchy. The actions of the Immortal Seven are celebrated for their role in preserving Protestantism and advancing democratic governance.

The Immortal Seven’s invitation to William III was a courageous and transformative act. It led to the Glorious Revolution, ensuring the Protestant succession and strengthening parliamentary power. Their legacy endures as a testament to the enduring struggle for religious freedom and constitutional governance.